PMC

The fitted regression lines between alcohol-associated increases in smoking behavior (TLFB) and alcohol increases in smoking urge (BQSU Factor 1) for men and women. Sex moderated the relationship between alcohol induced smoking behavior and alcohol induced urge (p = 0.002). Result for BQSU Factor 2 was similar (not depicted for ease of presentation).

Prevalence of OAB subtypes by age and sex. Data represent percent (%) prevalence of male and female patients by age for (A) all subtypes, (B) OAB-U, (C) OAB-UUI, (D) OAB – MUI. OAB-U = OAB with urgency without incontinence, OAB-UUI = OAB with urge urinary incontinence, OAB-MUI = OAB with mixed urinary incontinence.

Mean values for volume at first perception (VFP), volume at first urge of defecation (VFD) and maximum tolerable volume (MTV) in male versus female patients. *P < 0.05.

Effect of anodal compared with sham tDCS on VAS ratings during tDCS sessions. VAS ratings of hunger (A) and the urge to eat (B) during the inpatient assessment (tDCS study days 1–3) and outpatient visits (tDCS study days 8–31), comparing anodal (×) and sham (◆) stimulation, relative to study days after the first stimulation session. Means of ratings before and after tDCS are shown for all individuals within 1 study group. A total of 29 individuals completed the inpatient assessment (anodal tDCS, n = 13; sham tDCS, n = 16), and 23 completed the outpatient assessment (anodal tDCS, n = 9; sham tDCS, n = 14). Relative to the sham group, individuals receiving anodal tDCS had a greater decrease in VAS ratings for hunger and the urge to eat (P = 0.01; β: −0.61 VAS score/d; SE: 0.22 VAS score/d; df: 610; t value: 2.69; and P = 0.05; β: −0.46 VAS score/d; SE: 0.23 VAS score/d; df: 610; t value: 1.96, respectively) in a mixed model adjusted for age and sex, as indicated by the significant difference in the slope for these ratings comparing both groups over time (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05, respectively). Dotted lines represent trendlines for the decrease in ratings. For hunger ratings (A), the slopes of the trendlines for sham compared with anodal tDCS are −0.51 (P = 0.003) and −1.11 (P < 0.0001), respectively. VAS ratings for the urge to eat (B) display a steeper decrease in the anodal group (slope = −0.87; P < 0.0001) compared with the sham group (slope = −0.41; P = 0.02). Absolute VAS ratings of hunger and the urge to eat were consistently lower in the anodal group, including those ratings given before the first tDCS session. Because no identifiable baseline differences were found in the anodal and sham groups (all P > 0.05), consistently lower VAS ratings of hunger and the urge to eat in the anodal compared with the sham group is likely because of the relatively small study cohort. Of note, however, assessment of the greater declines in hunger and the urge to eat in mixed models accounted for the baseline ratings. tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; VAS, visual analog scale.